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Introduction
The present research is devoted to the analysis of the directive speech acts. Examination of the notion “speech act” and its types is very important in modern science, because their understanding is crucial for effective interaction and preventing communicative failures. The most famous scientists and the founders of the speech act theory are J.L. Austin and J.R. Searle. Their classifications are used as the bases for modern typologies of speech acts. The relevance of the present research is determined by the growing interest towards the types of speech acts and mostly to the directives, their classification and language expression.
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1. Basic principles of the speech act theory
Modern linguistics is characterized by the shift of its interests from the analysis of inner language structures to speech and communicative aspects of the language and its functioning in the process of speech activity. Due to this shift, any language is examined in this scientific branch as the definite activity made by speakers and directed to achieve their goals. As a result, one of widely researched and disputable theories in modern linguistics is the theory of speech acts and its central notion “speech act” as the means to perform intended actions with the help of language units in the process of speech production.
The first chapter of the present research is directed to the essence of the speech act theory, definition of the term “speech act” and revealing its structure, as well as characterization of speech acts classification, including the typology of directive speech acts.
1.1. The speech act theory
The speech act theory is today one of the most fundamental and crucial directions of linguistic pragmatics. It is closely connected with the names of J.L. Austin [Austin, 1962] and his student and follower J.R. Searle [Searle, 1979], the founders of the speech act theory. Later it was developed in the works of D. Vanderveken [Vanderveken, 1990], J. Verschueren [Verschueren, 1985], G.N. Leech [Leech, 1983] and many others. In Russian linguistics the problem of the speech act theory was highlighted in the scientific works of G.G. Pocheptsov [Почепцов, 1984], N.D. Arutyunova [Арутюнова, 1981] and many others.
The speech act theory gained widespread popularity in the 20th century. It was developed through the analysis of speech activity functions. The founder of this theory is the representative of the Oxford School J. Austin who synthesized the theory of action and the theory of speech and recorded his findings within the course of lectures in the Harvard University and later in his scientific work “How to Do Things with Words” [Austin, 1962]. His main idea within the speech act theory concerned the so called “performative acts” which are, in fact, utterances equivalent to action and deed. According to the scientist, such speech acts are characterized by features of any intentional action, whether physical or mental, such as efficiency / inefficiency, successfulness / unsuccessfulness [Темиргазина, 2015].
The term “speech act” is the basic notion of the speech act theory. It is fixed in the dictionaries of linguistic terms and widely examined in the fundamental and modern researches.
In Russian linguistics the notion “speech act” is fixed as an intended speech operation conforming to the principles and rules of language behavior of the given society, and a unit of normative social and speech behavior with some pragmatic situation of communication [Арутюнова, 2000, p. 412]. In English linguistics a speech act is defined as “the linguistic act made while speaking, which have some social or interpersonal purpose and pragmatic effect” [Wales, 2011, p. 388]. Comparing these two definitions helps to conclude about the unique and similar understanding of the notion “speech act” by foreign and Russian linguists.
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Bibliography
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2. Беляева Е.И. Грамматика и прагматика побуждения: Английский язык. – Воронеж. Изд-во ВГУ, 1992. – 168 с.
3. Арутюнова Н.Д. Речевой акт // Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н. Ярцева. – 2-е изд. – М.: Большая Российская Энциклопедия, 2000. – С. 412-413.
4. Ветошкина Е.Н., Аникина М.Н. Классификация речевых актов // Внедрение результатов инновационных разработок: проблемы и перспективы: сборник статей по итогам Международной научно-практической конференции, Самара, 08 января 2018 года. Том Часть 2. – Самара: Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Агентство международных исследований», 2018. – С. 142-144.
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